![]() During the first phase, several developments like backpropagation, chain rule, Neocognitron, hand written text recognition (LeNET architecture), and resolving the training problem were observed (as shown in Figure 1). This field of research is still evolving its evolution can be divided into two time periods-from 1943–2006 and from 2012–until now. This journal follows ISO 9001 management standard and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.The Deep Learning (DL) approach is a subcategory of Machine Learning (ML), introduced in 1943 when threshold logic was introduced to build a computer model closely resembling the biological pathways of humans. Please add our address into your email contact list. Please contact the administrator of this platform. Keywords: AUDPC, cropping seasons, disease severity, marginal analysis, Phytophthora infestans, ridomil sprays, tomato varieties, yield. However, further extensive studies have to be undertaken for developing concrete recommendation for stabilizing tomato production in the country. Thus, it is recommended to use this spray frequency as it gave the highest protection against late blight and the highest monetary benefit as compared to the other treatments and the control. In conclusion, integration of varieties and two times for resistant and moderately reistant varieties and three times for susceptible varieties with ridomil foliar sprays were found to be effective treatments in reducing tomato late blight epidemics and increasing fruit yields. Nevertheless, marginal analysis indicated that the highest 40.00 and 41.30% marginal rates of return in comparison with unsprayed plots were obtained where ridomil was sprayed two times for ARPT tomato d2 variety for both cropping seasons as compared to other spray frequencies. In 20 cropping seasons, three times foliar applications with ridomil proved to be an effective treatment against late blight and gave the highest (44.16 and 38.25 t ha -1) marketable fruit yields over the control yields of 22.92 and 19.59 t ha -1-, respectively. The highest mean AUDPC values of 826.43, 1011.12, 1134.52%-days were recorded from unsprayed plots of ARP tomato d2, Roma VF, Bisholla and Melkasholla varieties, respectively, in 2016, while the lowest mean AUDPC values were recorded from plots treated with four time sprays for all varieties in both cropping seasons. ![]() ![]() Whereas disease severities of 30.21, 33.35, 34.28 and 43.23% were recorded on ARP tomato d2, Roma VF, Bisholla and Melkasholla varieties, respectively, in 2017 when ridomil was sprayed four times during the growing seasons. Disease severities as low as 25.92, 31.78, 38.71 and 44.51% were recorded on ARP tomato d2, Bisholla, Roma VF and Melkasholla varieties in 2016, respectively. ![]() In both cropping season, severity was highest on the susceptible variety (Melkasholla with 56.17% in 2016 and 27.41% in 2017 cropping seasons). Integration of varieties and fungicide spray frequencies at 10 day interval significantly reduced late blight epidemics and increased fruit yield in both cropping season. The treatments consisted of four tomato varieties with different level of resistance to late blight and five foliar spray frequencies (ridomil), including unsprayed plots as a control and the treatments were laid out in a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. A field experiment was conducted at Arbaminch Agricultural Research Center’s of Sub-center (Chano Mille) during 20 cropping seasons, with the specific objectives to: 1) evaluate the effect of varieties by fungicide application frequencies on Phytophthora infestans epidemics in different cropping seasons 2) determine the effects of host plant resistance and fungicide on fruit yield and yield components of tomato and 3) determine the economics of fungicide spray for the management of tomato late blight.
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